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  "notes": "Low-cost and simple technologies are needed to reduce 
103
  "notes": "Low-cost and simple technologies are needed to reduce 
            
94
watershed export of excess nitrogen to sensitive aquatic ecosystems. 
104
watershed export of excess nitrogen to sensitive aquatic ecosystems. 
            
95
Denitrifying bioreactors are an approach where solid carbon substrates 
105
Denitrifying bioreactors are an approach where solid carbon substrates 
            
96
are added into the flow path of contaminated water. These carbon (C) 
106
are added into the flow path of contaminated water. These carbon (C) 
            
97
substrates (often fragmented wood-products) act as a C and energy 
107
substrates (often fragmented wood-products) act as a C and energy 
            
98
source to support denitrification; the conversion of nitrate 
108
source to support denitrification; the conversion of nitrate 
            
99
(NO3\u2212) to nitrogen gases. Here, we summarize the different 
109
(NO3\u2212) to nitrogen gases. Here, we summarize the different 
            
100
designs of denitrifying bioreactors that use a solid C substrate, 
110
designs of denitrifying bioreactors that use a solid C substrate, 
            
101
their hydrological connections, effectiveness, and factors that limit 
111
their hydrological connections, effectiveness, and factors that limit 
            
102
their performance. The main denitrifying bioreactors are: 
112
their performance. The main denitrifying bioreactors are: 
            
103
denitrification walls (intercepting shallow groundwater), denitrifying 
113
denitrification walls (intercepting shallow groundwater), denitrifying 
            
104
beds (intercepting concentrated discharges) and denitrifying layers 
114
beds (intercepting concentrated discharges) and denitrifying layers 
            
105
(intercepting soil leachate). Both denitrifcation walls and beds have 
115
(intercepting soil leachate). Both denitrifcation walls and beds have 
            
106
proven successful in appropriate field settings with NO3 \u2212 
116
proven successful in appropriate field settings with NO3 \u2212 
            
107
removal rates generally ranging from 0.01 to 3.6gNm\u22123 day\u22121 
117
removal rates generally ranging from 0.01 to 3.6gNm\u22123 day\u22121 
            
108
for walls and 2\u201322gNm\u22123 day\u22121 for beds, with the lower 
118
for walls and 2\u201322gNm\u22123 day\u22121 for beds, with the lower 
            
109
rates often associated with nitrate-limitations. Nitrate removal is 
119
rates often associated with nitrate-limitations. Nitrate removal is 
            
110
also limited by the rate of C supply from degrading substrate and 
120
also limited by the rate of C supply from degrading substrate and 
            
111
removal is operationally zero-order with respect to NO3 \u2212 
121
removal is operationally zero-order with respect to NO3 \u2212 
            
112
concentration primarily because the inputs of NO3 \u2212 into studied 
122
concentration primarily because the inputs of NO3 \u2212 into studied 
            
113
bioreactors have been generally high. In bioreactors where NO3 \u2212 
123
bioreactors have been generally high. In bioreactors where NO3 \u2212 
            
114
is not fully depleted, removal rates generally increase with 
124
is not fully depleted, removal rates generally increase with 
            
115
increasing temperature. Nitrate removal has been supported for up to 
125
increasing temperature. Nitrate removal has been supported for up to 
            
116
15 years without further maintenance or C supplementation because wood 
126
15 years without further maintenance or C supplementation because wood 
            
117
chips degrade suffi ciently slowly under anoxic conditions. There have 
127
chips degrade suffi ciently slowly under anoxic conditions. There have 
            
118
been few field-based comparisons of alternative C substrates to 
128
been few field-based comparisons of alternative C substrates to 
            
119
increase NO3\u2212 removal rates but laboratory trials suggest that 
129
increase NO3\u2212 removal rates but laboratory trials suggest that 
            
120
some alternatives could sup port greater rates of NO3\u2212 removal 
130
some alternatives could sup port greater rates of NO3\u2212 removal 
            
121
(e.g., corn cobs and wheat straw). Denitrifying bioreactors may have a 
131
(e.g., corn cobs and wheat straw). Denitrifying bioreactors may have a 
            
122
number of adverse effects, such as production of nitrous oxide and 
132
number of adverse effects, such as production of nitrous oxide and 
            
123
leaching of dissolved organic matter (usually only for the first few 
133
leaching of dissolved organic matter (usually only for the first few 
            
124
months after construction and start-up). The relatively small amount 
134
months after construction and start-up). The relatively small amount 
            
125
of field data suggests that these problems can be adequately managed 
135
of field data suggests that these problems can be adequately managed 
            
126
or minimized. An initial cost/benefit analysis demonstrates that 
136
or minimized. An initial cost/benefit analysis demonstrates that 
            
127
denitrifying bioreactors are cost effective and complementary to other 
137
denitrifying bioreactors are cost effective and complementary to other 
            
128
agri cultural management practices aimed at decreasing nitrogen loads 
138
agri cultural management practices aimed at decreasing nitrogen loads 
            
129
to surface waters. We conclude with recommendations for further 
139
to surface waters. We conclude with recommendations for further 
            
130
research to enhance performance of denitrifying bioreactors",
140
research to enhance performance of denitrifying bioreactors",
            
131
  "notes_translated": {
141
  "notes_translated": {
            
132
    "es": "Low-cost and simple technologies are needed to reduce 
142
    "es": "Low-cost and simple technologies are needed to reduce 
            
133
watershed export of excess nitrogen to sensitive aquatic ecosystems. 
143
watershed export of excess nitrogen to sensitive aquatic ecosystems. 
            
134
Denitrifying bioreactors are an approach where solid carbon substrates 
144
Denitrifying bioreactors are an approach where solid carbon substrates 
            
135
are added into the flow path of contaminated water. These carbon (C) 
145
are added into the flow path of contaminated water. These carbon (C) 
            
136
substrates (often fragmented wood-products) act as a C and energy 
146
substrates (often fragmented wood-products) act as a C and energy 
            
137
source to support denitrification; the conversion of nitrate 
147
source to support denitrification; the conversion of nitrate 
            
138
(NO3\u2212) to nitrogen gases. Here, we summarize the different 
148
(NO3\u2212) to nitrogen gases. Here, we summarize the different 
            
139
designs of denitrifying bioreactors that use a solid C substrate, 
149
designs of denitrifying bioreactors that use a solid C substrate, 
            
140
their hydrological connections, effectiveness, and factors that limit 
150
their hydrological connections, effectiveness, and factors that limit 
            
141
their performance. The main denitrifying bioreactors are: 
151
their performance. The main denitrifying bioreactors are: 
            
142
denitrification walls (intercepting shallow groundwater), denitrifying 
152
denitrification walls (intercepting shallow groundwater), denitrifying 
            
143
beds (intercepting concentrated discharges) and denitrifying layers 
153
beds (intercepting concentrated discharges) and denitrifying layers 
            
144
(intercepting soil leachate). Both denitrifcation walls and beds have 
154
(intercepting soil leachate). Both denitrifcation walls and beds have 
            
145
proven successful in appropriate field settings with NO3 \u2212 
155
proven successful in appropriate field settings with NO3 \u2212 
            
146
removal rates generally ranging from 0.01 to 3.6gNm\u22123 day\u22121 
156
removal rates generally ranging from 0.01 to 3.6gNm\u22123 day\u22121 
            
147
for walls and 2\u201322gNm\u22123 day\u22121 for beds, with the lower 
157
for walls and 2\u201322gNm\u22123 day\u22121 for beds, with the lower 
            
148
rates often associated with nitrate-limitations. Nitrate removal is 
158
rates often associated with nitrate-limitations. Nitrate removal is 
            
149
also limited by the rate of C supply from degrading substrate and 
159
also limited by the rate of C supply from degrading substrate and 
            
150
removal is operationally zero-order with respect to NO3 \u2212 
160
removal is operationally zero-order with respect to NO3 \u2212 
            
151
concentration primarily because the inputs of NO3 \u2212 into studied 
161
concentration primarily because the inputs of NO3 \u2212 into studied 
            
152
bioreactors have been generally high. In bioreactors where NO3 \u2212 
162
bioreactors have been generally high. In bioreactors where NO3 \u2212 
            
153
is not fully depleted, removal rates generally increase with 
163
is not fully depleted, removal rates generally increase with 
            
154
increasing temperature. Nitrate removal has been supported for up to 
164
increasing temperature. Nitrate removal has been supported for up to 
            
155
15 years without further maintenance or C supplementation because wood 
165
15 years without further maintenance or C supplementation because wood 
            
156
chips degrade suffi ciently slowly under anoxic conditions. There have 
166
chips degrade suffi ciently slowly under anoxic conditions. There have 
            
157
been few field-based comparisons of alternative C substrates to 
167
been few field-based comparisons of alternative C substrates to 
            
158
increase NO3\u2212 removal rates but laboratory trials suggest that 
168
increase NO3\u2212 removal rates but laboratory trials suggest that 
            
159
some alternatives could sup port greater rates of NO3\u2212 removal 
169
some alternatives could sup port greater rates of NO3\u2212 removal 
            
160
(e.g., corn cobs and wheat straw). Denitrifying bioreactors may have a 
170
(e.g., corn cobs and wheat straw). Denitrifying bioreactors may have a 
            
161
number of adverse effects, such as production of nitrous oxide and 
171
number of adverse effects, such as production of nitrous oxide and 
            
162
leaching of dissolved organic matter (usually only for the first few 
172
leaching of dissolved organic matter (usually only for the first few 
            
163
months after construction and start-up). The relatively small amount 
173
months after construction and start-up). The relatively small amount 
            
164
of field data suggests that these problems can be adequately managed 
174
of field data suggests that these problems can be adequately managed 
            
165
or minimized. An initial cost/benefit analysis demonstrates that 
175
or minimized. An initial cost/benefit analysis demonstrates that 
            
166
denitrifying bioreactors are cost effective and complementary to other 
176
denitrifying bioreactors are cost effective and complementary to other 
            
167
agri cultural management practices aimed at decreasing nitrogen loads 
177
agri cultural management practices aimed at decreasing nitrogen loads 
            
168
to surface waters. We conclude with recommendations for further 
178
to surface waters. We conclude with recommendations for further 
            
169
research to enhance performance of denitrifying bioreactors"
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research to enhance performance of denitrifying bioreactors"
            
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