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a2026-06-25
en Why do we need crossing structures? An agent based modeling approach. -
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modified
del recurso Acceso al recurso a2026-06-25
(anteriormente2026-06-23
) en Why do we need crossing structures? An agent based modeling approach.
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| 79 | "notes": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most | 93 | "notes": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most | ||
| 80 | important negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be | 94 | important negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be | ||
| 81 | particularly vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer | 95 | particularly vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer | ||
| 82 | dispersal distances and larger home range areas which increase the | 96 | dispersal distances and larger home range areas which increase the | ||
| 83 | probability of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their | 97 | probability of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their | ||
| 84 | commonly low density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low | 98 | commonly low density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low | ||
| 85 | connectivity may increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. | 99 | connectivity may increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. | ||
| 86 | However, there is virtually no data regarding the effects of | 100 | However, there is virtually no data regarding the effects of | ||
| 87 | road-killing and barrier effects on carnivores\u2019 population | 101 | road-killing and barrier effects on carnivores\u2019 population | ||
| 88 | persistence. We developed the REPoP model (Road Effects on Population | 102 | persistence. We developed the REPoP model (Road Effects on Population | ||
| 89 | Persistence), a spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted | 103 | Persistence), a spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted | ||
| 90 | and parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 104 | and parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 91 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 105 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 92 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 106 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 93 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 107 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 94 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 108 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 95 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 109 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 96 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 110 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 97 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 111 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 98 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 112 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 99 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 113 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 100 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 114 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 101 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 115 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 102 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 116 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 103 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 117 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 104 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 118 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 105 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 119 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 106 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 120 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 107 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 121 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 108 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 122 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 109 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 123 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 110 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 124 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 111 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 125 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 112 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 126 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 113 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 127 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 114 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 128 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 115 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 129 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 116 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 130 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 117 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 131 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 118 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 132 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 119 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 133 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 120 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 134 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 121 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 135 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 122 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 136 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 123 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 137 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 124 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 138 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 125 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 139 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 126 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 140 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 127 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 141 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 128 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | 142 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | ||
| 129 | "notes_translated": { | 143 | "notes_translated": { | ||
| 130 | "en": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | 144 | "en": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | ||
| 131 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | 145 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | ||
| 132 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | 146 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | ||
| 133 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | 147 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | ||
| 134 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | 148 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | ||
| 135 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | 149 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | ||
| 136 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | 150 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | ||
| 137 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | 151 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | ||
| 138 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | 152 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | ||
| 139 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | 153 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | ||
| 140 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | 154 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | ||
| 141 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 155 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 142 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 156 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 143 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 157 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 144 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 158 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 145 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 159 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 146 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 160 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 147 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 161 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 148 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 162 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 149 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 163 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 150 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 164 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 151 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 165 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 152 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 166 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 153 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 167 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 154 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 168 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 155 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 169 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 156 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 170 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 157 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 171 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 158 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 172 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 159 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 173 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 160 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 174 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 161 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 175 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 162 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 176 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 163 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 177 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 164 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 178 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 165 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 179 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 166 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 180 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 167 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 181 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 168 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 182 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 169 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 183 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 170 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 184 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 171 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 185 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 172 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 186 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 173 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 187 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 174 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 188 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 175 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 189 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 176 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 190 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 177 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 191 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 178 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 192 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 179 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | 193 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown.", | ||
| 180 | "es": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | 194 | "es": "Road-kill and barrier effect are amongst the most important | ||
| 181 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | 195 | negative effects of roads. Mammalian carnivores may be particularly | ||
| 182 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | 196 | vulnerable to these effects given their typical longer dispersal | ||
| 183 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | 197 | distances and larger home range areas which increase the probability | ||
| 184 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | 198 | of individuals finding roads. Consequently, given their commonly low | ||
| 185 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | 199 | density and fecundity, high mortality rates and low connectivity may | ||
| 186 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | 200 | increase their vulnerability to local extinctions. However, there is | ||
| 187 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | 201 | virtually no data regarding the effects of road-killing and barrier | ||
| 188 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | 202 | effects on carnivores\u2019 population persistence. We developed the | ||
| 189 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | 203 | REPoP model (Road Effects on Population Persistence), a | ||
| 190 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | 204 | spatial-dynamic agent based model that can be adjusted and | ||
| 191 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | 205 | parameterized to capture the specific life-history and landscape | ||
| 192 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | 206 | characteristics associated with a variety of species, to test for | ||
| 193 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | 207 | population persistence in roaded landscapes. Here we applied the model | ||
| 194 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | 208 | to stone marten (Martes foina), a mediterranean typically associated | ||
| 195 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | 209 | to well conserved agro-forestry areas, called montado. Recent research | ||
| 196 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | 210 | showed that this species although generalist and once abundant | ||
| 197 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | 211 | throughout their range, may be vulnerable to road mortality. We were | ||
| 198 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | 212 | interested in identifying which biological features \u2013 | ||
| 199 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | 213 | \u2018reproduction success\u2019 (60%, 70%) and \u2018number of kits | ||
| 200 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | 214 | per litter\u2019 (2, 3) -, and road-related characteristics \u2013 | ||
| 201 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | 215 | \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 (10%, 30%), \u2018road-crossing | ||
| 202 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | 216 | avoidance\u2019 (20%, 80%), \u2018avoidance in settling territories in | ||
| 203 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | 217 | roaded areas\u2019 (\u2018true\u2019, \u2018false\u2019) -, may drive | ||
| 204 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | 218 | carnivore species to be more or less vulnerable to roads. We simulated | ||
| 205 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | 219 | 30 x 30 km landscapes with no roads and with one road (road density | ||
| 206 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | 220 | ca. 0.02 km.km-2). We assessed both population density and genetic | ||
| 207 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | 221 | differentiation through 150 year simulations. We then tested if | ||
| 208 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | 222 | upgrading roads with crossing passages (50% of road segments) together | ||
| 209 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | 223 | with decreasing the pavement access (simulating fencing) may overcome | ||
| 210 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | 224 | the effects on population size and genetic differentiation. Each | ||
| 211 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | 225 | scenario (n = 16) was repeated 15 times. Regarding population size | ||
| 212 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | 226 | several replicates in roaded landscapes experienced extinction. | ||
| 213 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | 227 | Passage implementation seemed to diminish the rate of extinction, but | ||
| 214 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | 228 | didn\u2019t eliminate it completely. Linear Mixed Effects Models | ||
| 215 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | 229 | revealed that the \u2018number of kits per litter\u2019 had higher | ||
| 216 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | 230 | importance than reproduction success for population persistence in | ||
| 217 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | 231 | roaded landscapes. Likewise, \u2018avoidance in settling territories | ||
| 218 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | 232 | in roaded areas\u2019 had the highest importance among species-road | ||
| 219 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | 233 | features. As expected, \u2018road-kill probability\u2019 had a | ||
| 220 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | 234 | significant effect, with higher rates leading to lower population | ||
| 221 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | 235 | persistence probability. \u2018Road-crossing avoidance\u2019 had no | ||
| 222 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | 236 | effect in final results. As for genetic differentiation results, we | ||
| 223 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | 237 | found that roaded scenarios showed higher Fst values, significantly | ||
| 224 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | 238 | higher than roadless simulations. However, scenarios where roads were | ||
| 225 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | 239 | upgraded with passages showed a significant lower Fst values than | ||
| 226 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | 240 | simulations without passages. Our results clearly demonstrate that | ||
| 227 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | 241 | implementing crossing structures is necessary for mitigating road | ||
| 228 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | 242 | effects, but in some circumstances these measures are not sufficient | ||
| 229 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown." | 243 | to prevent population extinction and/or gene flow breakdown." | ||
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